[Diggers350] The ‘Bankrupt Brewer of Huntingdon’, and Solomon’s Temple: an untold story of the English Civil War

[Tony Gosling]

Enclosure For Empire: Witchcraft, Freemasonry and Oliver Cromwell

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The ‘Bankrupt Brewer of Huntingdon’, and 
Solomon’s Temple: an untold story of the English Civil War

Tony Gosling, STROUD 22Jun22 – Certain facts 
about the origins of the 1642-49 English Civil 
war have been established by historians and 
University departments over the centuries. 
Central are the grievances over Charles’s 
arbitrary rule and ‘three monopolies’ of church, 
printing and trade, that so stifled enterprise and free thought.

But what if there were a ‘third factor’, 
carefully concealed by wealthy merchants who were 
on the cusp of exploiting the New World? ‘Dark 
forces’ with a hidden agenda sniffed at by 
establishment historians then and now, because to 
raise it might threaten their reputations, their 
careers? Just such a possibility has in fact been 
creeping out, ‘given legs’ since WWII, in the 
works of Christopher Hill, Henry Brailsford, 
Pauline Gregg, John Robinson, Stephen Knight and Martin Short.

These writers represent two new perspectives on 
the seventeenth century battle between the feudal 
and merchant classes in England that was to have 
enormous repercussions across the world, not 
least of which was laying the foundatons for the 
acquisition of the biggest empire the world has ever seen.

Emacs!


Hill and Brailsford writing and researching in 
the 1956s and 1970s represent the post-war 
socialist culture finding its feet and 
reinterpreting social history, much research from 
original writings being made public for the first 
time. Their books tease out the social struggles 
and aspirations of the vast majority of England’s 
illiterate poor who had no voice yet were seeing 
their rights to land and livelihood and freedom 
of worship being corralled as they were made 
destitute by eviction and rabid anti-Catholicism.

In the 1970s and 80s insiders were saying 
Freemasonry was becoming less Christian, more 
sinister. Darker leaders were allegedly creeping 
in and whistleblowers began to speak out. These 
disclosures fell on fertile soil because 
publishing and broadcasting was in the middle of 
taboo-breaking couple of decades. Stephen Knight 
and Martin Short were writing in the 1980s about 
Freemasonry, complex deceptions and links into 
all aspects of power, at the highest offices of 
state and the criminal justice system were exposed.

Before tackling Freemasonry head on, Knight’s 
1976 book ‘Jack the Ripper the Final Solution’ 
suggested prostitutes deaths had been ordered by 
the royal family after they received blackmail 
threats. The eldest son of king Edward VII, heir 
to the throne Prince Albert Victor, had been 
experimenting with prostitutes as a teenager, 
given one a child and married her under a pseudonym.

Due to the Masonic nature of the cover-up, Knight 
became a focus for 1970/80s Masons, disgruntled 
over more recent injustices within the craft. In 
1984 the product of that research ‘The 
Brotherhood’ was published but Stephen Knight 
died shortly afterwards in 1985 aged 34. 
Journalist Martin Short was handed several boxes 
of unread correspondence Knight had received from 
readers and published his own, bigger, sequel 
‘Inside The Brotherhood, Further Secrets of the Freemasons’ in 1989.

Emacs!


Freemasonry being a re-branding of the banned 
medieval Knights Templar cult is probably best 
detailed in John Robinson’s book ‘Born In Blood’ 
(1989). During the same period of relative press 
freedom Christian converts from secret black and 
white witch covens reported identical wording in 
the oaths of Masonic initiation rituals: promises 
of secrecy on pain of death, even methods of execution of ‘offenders’.

The Vatican’s inability, or unwillingness, to try 
accusations of witchcraft had been one of the 
many reformation grievances. As Henry VIII 
finally wrenched English Christendom away from 
Rome in December 1633, over the marriage to Anne 
Boleyn, the English church began a popularisation 
and freeing-up of Christian doctrine and practice 
which included dealing much more directly with accusations of witchcraft.

This took place over the century or so between 
the reformation and English civil war as a 
spiritual battle raged to deal with evidence of 
divination and sorcery which the Vatican had 
swept under the carpet. This extension of the 
crown’s judicial powers also provided ‘cover’ for 
Thomas Cromwell’s hostile takeover of the 
monasteries, and execution of several abbots, to 
which the king owed vast sums of money.

A look beyond the turbulent John Dee’s empire 
plan, Witch trials and Enclosure does seem to 
confirm this interpretation of secret societies 
in a kind of spiritual battle behind the scenes 
for legislative influence which will benefit 
them, running up to the power to hire and fire the monarch.

Between the outing of the Templars, and Elizabeth 
I, came the too-little studied nor understood 
Wars of the Roses. Understood as a battle for 
succession between the houses of York and 
Lancaster it can also be seen as the ultimately 
fruitless attempt to crush the Lancastrian power 
of the secretive Garter Knights. It was only with 
the coming of the 1485 Battle of Bosworth that 
this argument was finally settled in the garter 
knights favour. Sporadic bands of possibly 
state-sponsored brigands that had been roaming a 
lawless country for over a century were 
apprehended, and the English countryside was 
allowed to return to a reasonably peaceful existence.

Similarly after the 1688 ‘Glorious Revolution’ 
there was a considerable reservoir of learned 
noble distrust of the new protestant kings, 
considered illegitimate usurpers by the 
‘Jacobites’. The name referred to King James and 
the Bible-believing Stuart line which had been 
overthrown by these ‘dark forces’. This even 
extended in 1745 to a great march to attack 
London by the Highlanders and their allies which, 
probably wisely, was abandoned in Derby and returned home.

It should not come as a great surprise that 
Freemasonry might be lurking behind machinations 
of the English Civil War since the idea was 
prominent in some seventeenth and eighteenth 
century accounts and illustrations. But this 
aspect has become less prominent today because 
mainstream historians tell us Freemasonry only emerged in England in 1717.

‘Emerged’ is the word, because ‘philanthropist’ 
Elias Ashmole proudly records his own 1646 
initiation into freemasonry at Warrington in his 
memoirs. So we know ‘the craft’ was active 
underground from at least the civil war period in 
England. Was the 1717 deception an attempt to 
conceal some role Freemasonry’s hidden networks 
of power had in the overthrow of Charles I, and 
the later usurping of James Stuart’s throne in 
1688 by ‘puritan’ William of Orange?


Timeline

    * 1118 – The Vatican founds the Knights Templar after the First Crusade
    * 1154 – The Great Schism as rival pontiffs 
from the Roman and Orthodox churches split
    * 1204 – Sacking of Orthodox Constantinople 
by the Vatican’s Fourth Crusade
    * 1307 – French King Philip the Fair orders 
arrest of the Templars for homosexuality, 
worshipping idols plus other blasphemies and heresies.
    * 1312 – Templar Order is extinguished by the 
Vatican and banning decrees issued by European 
kings. Property is transferred to the Knights 
Hospitaller, today known as the Knights of Malta.
    * 1348 – Order of the Garter is created by 
Edward III at Woodstock, Oxfordshire with 26 
knights. Legend is the motto ‘Shame on anyone who 
thinks this is evil’, originated when the 
Countess of Salisbury, dancing with the king, 
dropped her garter and he gallantly picked it up. 
However in her 1921 anthropological study of 
witchcraft Margaret Murray says the garter is a 
hidden emblem of a witchcraft high priestess, 
indicating control of a coven of 13, and that the 
king may have been demonstrating his support for her.
    * 1381 – Peasant’s Revolt believed to have 
been orchestrated by the underground Templars to 
threaten the boy-King Richard II and regain or 
destroy property lost seventy years previously when they were extinguished.
    * 1446 – Rosslyn Chapel built in Midlothian, 
Southeast of ex-Templar Port Edinburgh by Sir 
William St Clair. Architecture hints at Templar 
influences and pillars depict plants only known 
in the Americas, which weren’t supposed to have 
been discovered until fifty years afterwards.
    * 1455-1487 – Wars of the Roses dynastic 
battles over thirty years tied up with England 
losing control of French territories with sides 
symbolised by the white Lancastrian and red 
Yorkshire five-pointed roses, sometimes depicted 
as white within red as the Tudor Rose. Because 
the five-petalled rose is a form of hexagram some 
have suggested that it represents the merging of 
Lancastrian and Yorkist covens. Wars culminate 
both dynastically, in the 1486 marriage of Henry 
VII to Elisabeth of York, eldest daughter of 
Edward IV, and militarily in the 1487 Battle of 
Bosworth where Henry Tudor’s Yorkist rival Richard III is killed.
    * 1489 – Depopulation Act ‘Against Pulling Down Of Towns’ under Henry VII
    * 1492-97 – So-called discovery of South 
America and Caribbean by Christopher Columbus who 
sailed from Palos de la Frontera in Spain and 
North America by John Cabot sailing out of 
Bristol. There is much evidence that the ancient 
Phoenicians traded across the Atlantic, that some 
Europeans were aware of the ‘New World’ and that 
these voyages may have simply made public what 
they knew, to prepare for centuries of European colonisation.
    * 1515 – Royal Proclamation ‘Against Engrossing Of Farms’ under Henry VIII
    * 1516 – Depopulation Act
    * 1516, 1518 and 1519 – Royal Anti-Enclosure Commissions
    * 1534 – Sheep Farming Restraining Act
    * 1536 – Two Depopulation Acts
    * 1536 – 1541 – The English Reformation is 
beginning in earnest with a frontal attack on the 
commercial operations of the church. Dissolution 
of the Monasteries by Oliver Cromwell’s 
great-great grandfather and Henry VIII’s chief 
minister Thomas Cromwell – 900 religious business 
institutions are ‘nationalised’ and sold off. 
12,000 in religious orders are sacked as the debt 
the crown owes to the great monastic 
institutions, tens of billions of pounds in 2020 
money, is cancelled. With Luther and Calvin’s 
wider ‘Reformation’ comes a tacit encouragement 
of Freemason lodges, as secret ‘speakeasies’ 
until emerging officially into public view 180 years or so later.
    * 1542 – Henry VIII passes England’s first 
capital Witchcraft Act removing jurisdiction from 
the church courts to the crown courts and assizes.
    * 1549, Jul-Aug – Kett’s Rebellion in Norfolk 
over enclosure. East Anglia ruled for seven weeks 
from under an oak tree by Robert Kett and 16,000 
peasants. Enclosers locked up in Norwich jail for 
‘stealing the land’. King Edward VI’s army is 
twice turned back by the rebels, is then reinforced and defeats them.
    * 1552 and 1555 Depopulation Acts
    * 1563 – Depopulation Act repeals all four 
1526, 1552 and 1555 Acts as ineffective. 
Acknowledged or not, this was probably because 
the administration of all previous acts and 
commissions since 1489 were in the hands of the 
landed classes who were profiting personally from enclosure.
    * 1563 – Post-Reformation ‘Witchcraft Act’, 
passed in Scotland, makes witchcraft, or 
consulting with witches, a capital crime.
    * 1563 – Elizabeth I’s Witchcraft Act reduces 
penalties for witchcraft except it remains a 
capital offence for those proven also to have caused harm.
    * 1577 – John Dee privately publishes his 
clandestine vision for the ascendancy of a 
projected British Empire, advised by Christopher 
Hatton and Robert Dudley, for Elizabeth I in 
‘General and Rare Memorials Pertayning to the 
Perfect Arte of Navigation’. Though part of Dee’s 
plan, Elizabeth claims privateers Francis Drake, 
Walter Raleigh and John Hawkins are not working 
for the crown. [FFI see articles by Alex Grover, 
National Maritime Museum, Greenwich]
    * 1581-1795 – Calvinist ‘Dutch Republic’, 
where Catholics are persecuted. It is to play a 
major role in providing finance and military 
expertise to Cromwell during the English civil 
war. Following the 1660 restoration of Charles II 
the Dutch republic resumes harrying England’s 
Catholic kings with the 1665 Monmouth rebellion 
and much better funded 1688 ‘Glorious revolution’ 
which finally deposes the Stuart line and imposes 
a violently anti-Catholic regime.
    * 1590-92 –  North Berwick witch trials in 
which Agnes Sampson Geillis Duncan and 
schoolmaster Dr John Fian were accused of being 
members of a coven at St Andrews’ Auld Kirk. 
Around 100 people were accused including Francis 
Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell and other gentry. 
It’s unclear how many were found guilty or executed.
    * 1593 – Two final Depopulation Acts passed
    * 1597 – James VI of Scotland publishes his 
‘Daemonologie’ purporting to enable the identification of witches
    * 1603, 24 March – James I ascends to the 
throne of England whilst having been James VI of 
Scotland for 36 years, uniting the two monarchies
    * 1604 – James I passes a stricter Witchcraft 
Act reversing Elizabeth I’s leniency. It is 
enforced by self-styled ‘Witchfinder General’ Matthew Hopkins.
    * 1604-1607 active enclosure revolts in 
Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, 
Huntingdonshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and 
Warwickshire, culminating in 1607 in armed revolt 
under a leader with the pseudonym ‘Captain 
Pouch’. Forty or fifty rebels out of a 
rag-tag-army of about a thousand peasants are 
shot dead at Newton by a ‘body of mounted 
gentlemen with their servants’, while several others are hanged and quartered.
    * 1605, 05 November – Gunpowder plot 
orchestrated by Lord Salisbury to test James I 
and justify persecution of Catholics
    * 1607 – the term ‘Leveller’ is heard for the 
first time as organised anti-enclosure gangs 
emerge and ‘riots’ spread around the counties of 
Northamptonshire, Warwickshire and Leicestershire.
    * 1607 – 1636 the governments of James I and 
Charles I set themselves against John Dee’s 
covert empire-building by pursuing an active anti-enclosure policy.
    * 1611 – Publication of King James’ 
Authorised Version of The Bible, commissioned in 
1604 and still recognised as one of the most accurate..
    * 1612, 18-19 August – Pendle witch trials 
culminating in nine hangings for Maleficium 
(causing injury by divination) of some 
self-confessed coven-members on 20th August.
    * 1625, 27 March – Charles I ascends the 
British throne on death of James I
    * 1629-1640 – ‘Eleven years Tyranny’ as Charles I rules without Parliament
    * 1630 – Justices of five midland counties 
are ordered to remove all enclosures made in the previous two years
    * 1632, 1635 and 1636 – Three Royal 
Anti-Enclosure Commissions levy huge 
compositions, or fines, on those who have 
enclosed land in  contravention of Depopulation 
Acts. Charles I levies total of £50,000 
‘compositions’, or fines, as a penalty for 
depopulation and evictions from 1633 to 1638, 
some of which are retrospective. Equivalent in 2020 of around £2.2 billion.
    * 1635 – Supposedly converted to Christianity 
Portuguese-Jewish merchant Antonio Fernandez 
Carvajal moves to London’s Leadenhall Street as 
the first endenizened, or naturalised, English 
Jew for nearly 200 years. His ships trade to the 
East and West Indies, Brazil, and Levant in 
gunpowder, wine, hides, pictures, cochineal and 
corn. Plus he has lucrative government contracts 
to supply the army with corn and an additional 
£100,000 annual turnover of silver. Carvajal also 
brings with him a vast intelligence network of 
paid informers, of use to any army.
    * 13 April – 5 May 1640 – Short Parliament 
summoned by Charles I which insisted on 
grievances against the king being addressed 
before voting him any money. Charles then promptly dissolved it.
    * November 1640 – December 1648 – ‘Long 
Parliament’ elected. Strafford, Cottington, Finch 
and Archbishop Laud, who have been running the 
country for the king, are impeached and executed.
    * November 1641 – Parliament states its 
demands that the king strictly purge the church 
of England of all ‘Roman Catholic tenancies’ in 
the ‘Grand Remonstrance’ drafted by Puritan John Pym.
    * On 4th January 1642 king Charles attempted 
to arrest the ‘five members’ John Pym, John 
Hampden, Arthur Hesilrige, Denzil Holles and 
William Strode. We now know they were already 
safely hidden in the City of London, which may 
have been tipped off by a spy at court. Charles 
had first gone to the House of Lords demanding 
they arrest the MPs for him. After a short debate 
the Lords refused and so Charles and his 
accompanying guard of soldiers had to go into the 
Commons themselves to make the arrests. Charles 
utters the opening line of the English Civil War, 
“All the birds are flown” and humiliated, leaves London.
    * 10 June 1642 – Charles I is forced to leave 
London for Oxford, establishing his rule in other 
parts of the country with a virtual line of his 
support running roughly from Southampton up to Hull.
    * August 1642 – Charles raises his standard 
at Nottingham hoping loyal aristocracy will support him against Parliament.
    * 2nd July 1644 – battle of Marston Moor, 
near York. Prince Rupert, for the King, took on 
Cromwell and Fairfax with Edward Manchester in 
command. Confusion reigned on both sides that day 
but Manchester grabbed the initiative, routing 
the royalist army inflicting crippling losses, 
with 4,000 of Charles’ fighting men killed and 
1,500 captured. Manchester’s decisive performance 
as a general that day led to conflict with 
Cromwell later that year over the conduct of the 
war. Manchester was dismissed, eventually 
opposing the trial of Charles I from what was, by then, the sidelines.
    * February 1645: Sums of money which prove to 
be decisive are spent over the winter 
refashioning the parliamentary army for what 
proved to be the decisive 1645 fighting season. 
Parliament’s New Model Army of 20,000 soldiers is 
better equipped, disciplined and trained.
    * 14 June 1645 – Battle of Naseby, South of 
Market Harborough, is arguably the turning point 
of the war. Charles I joined Prince Rupert to 
command 7,500 cavaliers, who faced around 14,000 
New Model Army roundheads led by Cromwell and 
Fairfax. 5,000 royalist soldiers were captured 
leaving Charles’ forces in the midlands decimated 
and the cities of Leicester, Chester and 
Winchester all saw the writing on the wall, surrendering to parliament.
    * 10th July 1645 Langport in Somerset saw the 
Royalists’ final strategic military defeat. 
Soldiers of Charles’ supporters in the South West 
were defeated by Fairfax and his well-organised, 
City of London resourced, army. Bristol merchants 
had been independent royalists, and remained so 
until the following September when, under siege, 
they surrendered England’s second city to the 
roundheads. So furious was Cromwell with Bristol 
for holding an independent line against his 
merchant forces, he had his engineers level the 
city’s historic castle with explosives after the war.
    * July 1645: Leveller pamphleteer Lt. Col. John Lilburne is arrested
    * Elizabeth Lilburne women’s petition to parliament
    * 1646 – in his memoirs Elias Ashmole records 
his initiation into freemasonry at Warrington 
sixty years before Freemasonry is supposed to exist in England
    * 12 November 1646 – Charles I loses the 
battle of Newark and is taken into custody by the Scottish army
    * January 1647 – Scots deliver Charles over 
to parliament for the sum of £100,000
    * June 1647 – trouble at’ mill – Cromwell settles with army agitators
    * June and July 1647 – letters pass between 
Oliver Cromwell and Amsterdam’s Mulheim Synagogue 
financier Ebenezer Pratt about Jews being 
readmitted to England in exchange for his financial support and advice.
    * 11 November 1647 – Charles is deliberately 
allowed to escape from Hampton Court for 
pro-Cromwell dramatic effect and makes his way to 
the Isle Of Wight, from where he plans to escape 
to France. IoW governor Colonel Robert Hammond is 
not so sympathetic as Charles had hoped and he is 
re-imprisoned in Carisbrooke castle.
    * August 1648 King Charles I is taken prisoner.
    *
    Emacs!
    * September 1648 – In his pamphlet ‘Les 
Francs-Maçons Écrasés’ (1774) French Catholic 
priest Abbé Larudan alleges Cromwell, realising 
his own life will be forfeit if negotiations for 
peace with Charles proceed, forms a witchcraft 
cell to push through the execution Charles, under 
Masonic guise. The inauguration takes place at a 
location in King’s Street, St. James, London over 
two evening meetings four days apart. Named as 
present are 
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell>Oliver 
Cromwell, his son-in-law 
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ireton>Henry 
Ireton, 
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon_Sidney>Algernon 
Sidney, a Mr. Newell, Martin Wildeman, 
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Harington,_3rd_Baronet>James 
Harrington (colonel of the London trained bands), 
<https://georgemonck.com/>George Monck 
Parliamentary commander-in-chief 
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax>Thomas 
Fairfax along with many others. The ‘holy spirit’ 
is said to have visited Cromwell during the 
intervening days to affirm god’s support for him 
and his group. The ostensible aim is the 
rebuilding of ‘proper Christian order’ and once 
they have been inducted at their second meeting a 
painting of Solomon’s ruined Temple is presented 
to initiates in a neighbouring room, illustrating 
the ‘task in hand’. A master, two wardens, a 
secretary and speaker are all appointed as this 
newly formed cult’s officers which consists of 
all factions in Parliament, church and army. It 
proceeds to spy on MPs to assess their views on 
negotiation with or trial of Charles I in 
preparation for Pride’s purge three months later. 
So, did Cromwell ‘do a deal with the devil’? 
Exactly a decade later Cromwell is dead. Rumours 
survive about Cromwell ‘selling his soul to the 
devil’ at the 1651 battle of Worcester.
    * 20 November 1648 – Ireton’s Remonstrance is 
presented to Parliament calling for the trial of Charles I for treason.
    * 2 December 1648 Charles I is held in Hurst Castle
    * On 1st December, the House of Commons 
resists Ireton’s calls to proceed to try the 
king, voting by 129 to 83, a majority of 46 
votes, to accept the King’s terms for his restoration to power.
    * The following day the New Model Army 
occupies London and arrests 41 MPs who had most 
actively supported the king, hoping that this 
will send a clear message to the others, if just 
a few of those remaining who support the king 
change their mind no further action by the army will be necessary.
    * 6 December 1648 – Pride’s Purge – acting on 
orders from Cromwell’s son-in-law General Henry 
Ireton, and apparently unknown to army chief 
General Fairfax, Colonel Thomas Pride surrounds 
parliament with troops and ‘purges’ Parliament of 
a further hundred or so MPs who voted for the 
negotiated settlement with Charles. This leaves 
only 71 out of the originally elected 489 MPs 
still sitting, the so-called ‘Rump Parliament’. 
Around two hundred of the Long Parliament’s 
original MPs are now in prison and around the 
same number in fear of the army, afraid to speak 
out. Ninety MPs, the majority of those who voted 
the previous day to negotiate with the king, are 
purged from parliament along with 45 who resisted 
arrest detained for several days. Those 
considered most dangerous to Cromwell’s cause. 
Sir William Waller, Sir John Clotworthy and 
Lionel Copley are imprisoned in the tower without 
charge for many years. Denzil Holles, Colonel 
Massey and Major-General Browne escape to the continent.
    * 4th January 1649 a motion is but before 
parliament proposing the king be tried for 
treason. Only 46 of the Rump’s 71 MPs turned up 
to vote and 26 voted in favour, a majority of six 
is enough. The following day the Lords vote 
overwhelmingly against the same motion, but the 
vote was set aside by the then government, 
Cromwell’s counsel of state. General Henry 
Ireton’s demand that Charles be put on trial is 
now voted through. In public Oliver Cromwell said 
he had his doubts about the purges and at the end 
of December he tells the House of Commons “the 
providence of God hath cast this upon us”. Once 
the decision had been made Cromwell “threw 
himself into it with the vigour he always showed 
when his mind was made up, when God had spoken”.
    *
    Emacs!
    * 20 January 1649 – a court is convened in 
Westminster Hall and Charles I is charged with 
“waging war on Parliament.” It was claimed that 
he was responsible for “all the murders, 
burnings, damages and mischiefs to the nation” in 
the English Civil War. The jury included 
remaining members of Parliament, army officers 
and large landowners. Some of the 135 jurors did 
not turn up for the trial. For example. General 
Thomas Fairfax, the leader of the Parliamentary 
Army, did not appear. When his name was called, 
his masked wife, Lady Anne Fairfax, shouted out, 
“He has more wit than to be here,” and was 
whisked out of the public gallery before she 
could be arrested. After the court had been sworn 
in Charles demanded to know by what authority he 
had been brought to trial. President of the court 
John Bradshaw replied ‘In the name of Parliament 
assembled and all the good people of England’. 
Lady Fairfax who had quietly returned sprang up 
again ‘It is a lie! Not a half – nay, not a 
quarter of the people of England’ and she was once more spirited away.
    * 30 January 1649 – Outside the old Palace of 
Whitehall Charles I is executed. Immediately 
afterwards, to the consternation of the 
regicides, his memoir ‘Eikon Basiliske’ (Portrait 
of the King, his sacred majesty’s solitude and 
sufferings) is published. Sold amongst the silent 
crowds, and after more than twenty editions, it 
went on to become one of England’s all time 
bestsellers. England is now a military 
dictatorship run by Cromwell and his Council Of State’ appointees.
    * Wednesday 28th March 1649 – Early morning 
arrest of Leveller pamphleteers John Lilburn, 
William Walwyn, Overton and Thomas Prince – 
Cromwell launches ‘project fear’ on the Council 
Of State ‘
if you do not break them they will 
break you, yea, and bring all the guilt of the 
blood and treasure shed and spent in this kingdom 
upon your heads and shoulders
’ – proposes all 
four prisoners are committed to the tower and wins by one vote.
    * 1 and 18 April – two separate 10,000 
signature Petitions for Levellers’ release
    * 23 April 1649 – Women’s 10,000 signature 
petition to Parliament served, demanding release 
of the four Leveller captives and an end to 
arbitrary rule which is bringing famine to the land
    *
    Emacs!
    * 1 May 1649- The Agreement of the People published – Leveller manifesto
    * May 1649 – Wages unpaid and refusing to 
fight in Ireland, hundreds of parliamentary 
Leveller soldiers sack their officers at Burford, 
Oxfordshire. Cromwell arrests them in a midnight 
raid and next day three soldiers are executed for 
mutiny. Commemorated in Burford at the annual 
‘Levellers Day’ with music, speeches, and a march 
from the parish church where soldiers and their horses were imprisoned.
    * 1650-1720 – the ‘golden age’ of piracy. The 
British secret state’s sponsorship of pirates is 
denied, just as Elizabeth denied she’d supported 
privateers Drake, Raleigh etc. The Royal Navy 
‘state within a state’ works hard to fulfil John 
Dee’s vision for Britain’s dominance of the high 
seas as the empire is established
    * 3 September 1651- Battle of Worcester – 
final battle of the English Civil war with 
Charles II leading a Scottish army. 
Parliamentarian soldiers outnumber Royalists 
roughly 2:1 – Royalist casualties of c. 3,000 are 
roughly five times that of the Parliamentary army 
and 10,000 royalist soldiers are captured – a resounding defeat for Charles II
    * 3 September – Wednesday 15 October 1651 – 
Charles II goes ‘on the run’ for 43 days after 
losing the battle of Worcester and travelling as 
a fugitive, disguised as an ostler. After Captain 
Limbry’s abortive attempt to smuggle him to 
France from Charmouth in Dorset Charles 
eventually makes it across the channel from 
Shoreham, Sussex in Captain Tattersall’s coal freighter ‘The Surprise’.
    * 20 April 1653 – Rump parliament is ejected 
by Cromwell’s soldiers to be replaced by the 
‘barebones parliament’ of 140 Cromwell appointees 
which lasts until the remains of the long 
parliament is restored in 1659 after Cromwell’s death.
    * March 1655 – Uprising in Wiltshire against 
Cromwell’s military rule led by Colonel John 
Penruddock who led his followers into Salisbury 
and declared Charles II king. The rebellion was 
crushed, its leaders executed and English 
military rule suppressing all gatherings and 
pastimes was formalised into 11 districts each 
run by a major-general for the next two years.
    * December 14, 1655 – After much lobbying by 
founder of Holland’s first Hebrew printing press 
Menasseh Ben Israel, Jews are allowed back into 
England for the first time since they were expelled in 1290.
    * 3 September 1658 – Cromwell dies aged 59.
    * 1660 – Restoration of Charles II to the 
English throne after his exile in France and the 
death of Oliver Cromwell – known as a time of 
great literary and cultural freedom: comedies by 
Dryden, Wycherley, Ertheridge, Sedley, Buckhurst 
etc, after previous grim decade of puritan rule.
    * June-July 1685 – Exiled after the 1683 Rye 
House Plot, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth 
launched the Protestant Monmouth Rebellion on 
11th June 1685 landing with at Lyme Regis in a 
failed attempt to depose James II. On 6th July 
Battle of Sedgemore near Bridgwater, Somerset, 
finishes off this rather insufficient attempt by 
Protestants to cut off the Catholic Stuart line.
    * 5th November 1688 – William of Orange lands 
at Torbay with 14,000 soldiers and 5,000 horses. 
Coup d’état or ‘Glorious Revolution’ follows as 
James II is forced into exile in Ireland while 
Protestant, William III, ‘King Billy’ takes the 
English throne. This also begins the Catholic 
‘Jacobite’ movement committed to restoring the 
Stuart line. Jacobite areas tend to be Scotland, 
Northern England and the South-West, the old 
royalist regions of the English Civil War.
    * 1707 – Great Britain comes into being after 
the passage of the Treaty of Union with Scotland.
    * 1737 – Andrew Ramsay reveals the 33 degrees 
of Scottish Rite Freemasonry, so named because no 
decree had ever been issued by Scottish Monarchs banning the Knights Templar.
    * 1745 – Bonnie Prince Charlie leads abortive 
Jacobite rebel march on London


Conclusion

In his 1826 novel ‘Woodstock’ Sir Walter Scott 
recounts, ‘the bankrupt brewer of Huntingdon’, 
and other contemporary cavalier quips about 
Oliver Cromwell’s obscure pre-war life. The 
aggressive, failed manager mysteriously given a new role as an MP.

It should be clear by now that Charles was not 
simply dealing with an organised faction of 
merchants who wished to see the nation run more 
efficiently. No, behind these various plots was a 
conscious choice to sidestep Christianity, the 
moral code that had been keeping them in their 
place. As the joyless, pecuniary policies of the 
pseudo-Christian Puritans also implies. In taking 
on parliament and the City of London was Charles 
confronting John Dee’s well-organised criminal 
conspiracy? Dark forces at play with nothing less 
than the world as their prize?

Is it this stepping into the spiritual that makes 
so many historians baulk at addressing the 
wickedness of overthrowing the monarchy in the 
seventeenth century, to replace it with a system 
of glorious rule by Cromwell’s council of state? 
Where a secret cabal gets to hire and fire those 
on the panel and there is limited free speech. In 
1649 Burford even parliamentary soldiers thought 
Cromwell might be worse than the king.

However wicked a king might be, and Henry VIII 
was one of the most despotic rulers since Herod, 
every once in a while the feudal system throws up 
a good sort. It did with Charles and there was 
nothing the oligarchy, organised crime, could do 
to unseat him except character assassination 
followed by kangaroo court and execution.


Reading list – in order of personal preference

Old Rowley, The Private Life Of Charles II by 
Dennis Wheatley (1933) – affectionate roller 
coaster ride through young Charles survival and 
resurgence after the war including easy to follow 
up detail on the cultural thrill of the restoration

The Levellers And The English Revolution by Henry 
H. Brailsford (1961) – takes us through the 
formation and attempted destruction of Cromwell’s 
key Leveller opponents, along with their 
offshoots. Though Brailsford is an 
internationalist he shows deep understanding for 
the spiritual and moral factions on both sides of the war

Edmund Ludlow And The English Civil War edited by 
Jane Shuter (1994) – fascinating account of a 
Parliamentary commander who finds himself slowly 
losing faith in the cause for which he has been fighting

Born In Blood, The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry by 
John J. Robinson (1989) – Extraordinary 
historical exploration of the previously hidden 
origins of eighteenth century Freemasonry in 
ancient and medieval secret societies.

The World Turned Upside Down by Christopher Hill 
(1972) – Detailed analysis of seventeenth century 
counter-culture centred around the protestant 
reformation and agricultural reforms being 
imposed on England and the cataclysmic Civil War which followed.

The Witch-Cult in Western Europe by Margaret 
Murray (1921) – A study of the underground 
persistence of secret Canaanite and Phoenician 
religious cults under the surface of gentile modern European society.


Who we are

The Land Is Ours was set up in 1995 by writer 
George Monbiot with the aim to echo in the UK 
land rights campaigns across the developing 
world, notably Brazil’s landless movement (MST). 
Also to take up the cause through non-violent 
direct action of forgotten Diggers, Chartists and 
Land Leaguers on our own islands. You can find us 
online at www.tlio.org.uk and join the Diggers 
list, set up in Easter 1999 when we occupied St 
George’s Hill,  Surrey for two weeks on the 
Diggers’ 350th anniversary, by sending a blank 
email to diggers350-subscribe at gn.apc.org

Land is a free gift to mankind so should never be 
considered private property like other things. 
‘True Leveller’ Gerrard Winstanley said ‘The 
Earth is a Common Treasury for All, Without 
Respect of Persons’. Winstanley died a Quaker and 
the Bible puts it thus: The land is not to be 
sold permanently, for the Earth is mine, sayeth 
The Lord God, and you are but my tenants. Leviticus 25:25.
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challenge authority - all authority - especially 
so when governments and politicians take us to 
war, when they have decided that they will kill 
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'Capitalism is institutionalised bribery' TG

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'From South America, where payment must be made 
with subtlety, the Bormann organization has made 
a substantial contribution. It has drawn many of 
the brightest Jewish businessmen into a 
participatory role in the development of many of 
its corporations, and many of these Jews share 
their prosperity most generously with Israel. If 
their proposals are sound, they are even provided 
with a specially dispensed venture capital fund. 
I spoke with one Jewish businessmen in Hartford, 
Connecticut. He had arrived there quite unknown 
several years before our conversation, but with 
Bormann money as his leverage. Today he is more 
than a millionaire, a quiet leader in the 
community with a certain share of his profits 
earmarked as always for his venture capital 
benefactors. This has taken place in many other 
instances across America and demonstrates how 
Bormann’s people operate in the contemporary 
commercial world, in contrast to the fanciful 
nonsense with which Nazis are described in so much “literature.”

So much emphasis is placed on select Jewish 
participation in Bormann companies that when 
Adolf Eichmann was seized and taken to Tel Aviv 
to stand trial, it produced a shock wave in the 
Jewish and German communities of Buenos Aires. 
Jewish leaders informed the Israeli authorities 
in no uncertain terms that this must never happen 
again because a repetition would permanently 
rupture relations with the Germans of Latin 
America, as well as with the Bormann 
organization, and cut off the flow of Jewish 
money to Israel. It never happened again, and the 
pursuit of Bormann quieted down at the request of 
these Jewish leaders. He is residing in an 
Argentinian safe haven, protected by the most 
efficient German infrastructure in history as 
well as by all those whose prosperity depends on his well-being.'
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