<html><div>Monbiotic Man</div>
<br>
<div>
<a href="https://www.thelandmagazine.org.uk/articles/monbiotic-man" EUDORA=AUTOURL>
https://www.thelandmagazine.org.uk/articles/monbiotic-man</a></div>
<div>Simon Fairlie assesses the farm-free future for humanity spelled out
in George Monbiot’s latest book 'Regenesis'.</div>
<br>
<div>Regenesis starts harmlessly enough. In his first chapter George
Monbiot illustrates the complexities of soil structure by describing what
he sees when he looks at a sod dug up from his orchard through a 40x
magnifying eyepiece. It is an elegant snapshot of the world beneath our
feet that we always vaguely knew about, but rather took for granted until
Merlin Sheldrake and others unveiled some of its mysteries.</div>
<br>
<div>In chapter two he lays into industrial agriculture, cataloguing
failings and dangers that many readers of The Land will already be
familiar with. The theme is carried forward in the following chapter,
where he targets agricultural pollution and the excesses of the intensive
livestock industry. He then goes on to visit three farms in the UK that
are trying to address some of these problems. The first is Ian Tolhurst's
stock-free market garden in Oxfordshire, which rightly meets with
Monbiot's enthusiastic approval. His comments on the other two holdings
he visits are also sound: the no-till arable farm would be more
convincing were it not reliant on glyphosate weedkiller. The mixed farm
employing mob-grazing and heritage grains has high aspirations but low
yields.</div>
<br>
<div>Much of this is music to the ears of any reader supportive of
agro-ecology and food sovereignty. Even if not much of it is breaking
news, it is enlivened by Monbiot's acute observations and sharp turn of
phrase.</div>
<br>
<div>However, it soon proves to be the overture to something more
discordant. Soft cop George is buttering us up before hard cop Monbiot
launches in with the tough questioning. The crime, he alleges, is not
industrial agriculture, but agriculture itself: "Farming, whether
intensive or extensive is the world's major cause of ecological
destruction." Overheating the world's atmosphere and oceans through
fossil fuel use apparently comes second.</div>
<br>
<div>The culprit is every farmer, big or small, chemical or organic (with
the exception of Ian Tolhurst). A farm-free world is what Monbiot hopes
to see, where everyone enjoys farm-free food. "We can now
contemplate the end of most farming, the most destructive force ever to
have been unleashed by humans." To this end he visits the Solar
Foods laboratory in Finland where scientists are developing a high
protein foodstuff made from bacteria fed on hydrogen. He eats a pancake
made from the substance that he believes "represents the beginning
of the end of most agriculture." Since this substance has no name, I
call it "studge", after the breakfast cereal that readers of
Saki may remember was marketed on the basis that "people will do
things from a sense of duty that they would never attempt as a
pleasure".</div>
<div>The Agribashers</div>
<br>
<div>George Monbiot is by no means the first writer to launch an all-out
attack on agriculture. Since the publication of Marshall Sahlins' Stone
Age Economics in 1972 (see p.53 of this issue) there has been a crescendo
of variations on the theme that it all went wrong when people started
keeping animals and growing crops. Examples include Paul Shephard's call
for humanity to Come Home to the Pleistocene, the late James Lovelock's
Revenge of Gaia, Yuval Noah Harari's contention that agriculture was
"History's Biggest Fraud", James C Scott's Against the Grain,
and the report Rethinking Food and Agriculture by the think tank
Rethinkx. Three of these Shepard, Lovelock and Rethinkx
propose the same solution as Monbiot: feeding people, in Lovelock's
words, on "tissue cultures of meats and vegetables and junk food
made from any convenient organism".</div>
<br>
<div>Two differences between Monbiot's book and earlier exponents of the
agribashing tendency are worth mentioning. Firstly there are now start-up
labs working to produce the junk food that will replace agricultural
products; and there are generations of urban dwellers who are now so
divorced from the land, and so wrapped up in cyberspace that they will
probably be quite happy to eat the stuff. Secondly Monbiot, through his
long association with The Guardian, has rather more influence than most
of his predecessors. Regenesis was heralded by an hour-long documentary
on the subject on Channel 4. In 2013 when his book Feral came out, few
people had even heard of rewilding: now it is UK government
policy.</div>
<div>Neither Spare nor Share</div>
<br>
<div>Monbiots's third chapter, which bears the engaging title
"Agricultural Sprawl", begins by continuing his onslaught upon
industrial agriculture in the form of the factory chicken farms currently
polluting the River Wye (see The Land 29). He continues in this vein for
17 pages until he abruptly changes his tone:</div>
<div>"You might, by now, have decided that you want nothing more to
do with intensive farming: from now on you will eat only meat, eggs and
milk from animals that can roam outdoors or have been certified as
organic . . . If so I can offer you little comfort." </div>
<br>
<div>The problem with grazing animals, he continues, is that they occupy
a rather large proportion of the world’s land area: 28 percent according
to figures cited by Monbiot (slightly less than the 31 percent covered by
forest).1 Another 12 percent is occupied by arable crops, and one percent
by buildings. The rest is desert or icy waste.</div>
<br>
<div>Forty percent of the world’s land surface is devoted to agriculture,
and as such is a threat to global biodiversity because “the great
majority of the world’s species cannot survive in a farmed landscape”.
The reference for this statement is a trio of UK papers on the benefits
of “land-sparing” as opposed to “land-sharing”. But Monbiot is in favour
of neither. Land-sparing pursuing highly intensive agriculture over
a relatively small area in order to give extensively farmed land back to
Nature would triple pesticide use and lead to even greater use of
arable land for animal feeds and biofuels. Land sharing through organic
farming and regenerative agriculture has lower yields and takes up too
much land. The problem with intensive farming, writes Monbiot:</div>
<br>
<div>“is not the adjective, it is the noun . . . We appear to be trapped
between two dangerous forces: efficiency and sprawl. Farming is both too
intensive and too extensive. It uses too many pesticides, too much
fertiliser, too much water and too much land.”</div>
<div>Rural Sprawl</div>
<br>
<div>It is indisputable that the task of nourishing seven billion people
has reduced the areas of wilderness on the Earth to enclaves and
condemned numerous species to decline and extinction. Such wilderness and
many of the species associated with it in the UK disappeared centuries
ago. This is a matter of genuine concern, which I will come back to it
later.</div>
<br>
<div>But whether the conceit that this represents “agricultural sprawl”
is a helpful one is another matter. Monbiot focuses mainly on the UK, and
so will I. Look out of the window on a train journey from the less
intensively farmed West Country up to London and you will catch glimpses
of a great many landscape features: fields of wheat, maize, potatoes or
rape, meadows cut for silage or left to grow for hay, pastures of every
feasible ecological status and condition, downland grazed by sheep, water
meadows where rivers weave oxbow curves, old commons turning to scrub,
fields left to grow wild, stately parks with spreading oaks, edge of town
allotments, oak, beech or sycamore woodlands, hazel coppice, conifer
plantations, spinneys, hedgerows, ditches and bogs.</div>
<br>
<div>Within this mosaic, thousands if not millions of species find their
niche. Most evolved over the long period of time that preceded the
neolithic agricultural revolution, but many have benefited from the
disturbance caused by agriculture, or adapted to its rhythms. According
to Plantlife:</div>
<br>
<div> “Hundreds of different wild flowers and fungi
have co-evolved over millennia with farmers managing the land as hay
meadows and pasture. This unparalleled plant diversity provides the life
support for our invertebrates, birds, mammals . . . More than 120 species
of wildflowers grow in arable habitats and together make up one of the
most threatened groups of plants in the UK. Many of our most beloved
plants such as cornflower, corn marigold and corncockle have
drastically declined and no longer colour our farmland.”</div>
<br>
<div>This diversity of landscape features and species is the result of
about 6,000 years of co-operation between the people of this island and
its environment in the name of agriculture, and to most people’s eyes it
looks green and pleasant, even if it doesn’t have the romance or mystery
of Pleistocene wilderness. Yes, it has become degraded and species are
under threat largely because of industrial farming methods. A judicious
measure of rewilding might help to redress the balance. But complete
abandonment of agriculture would be detrimental to biodiversity, since we
would lose many of the wild species that have successfully adapted to
agricultural disturbance, as well as the innumerable varieties of
domestic plants and animals that are utterly dependent on a farmed
ecosystem.</div>
<br>
<div>On your train journey you will also find that for much of the time
you can’t see anything of the landscape, because of all the trees growing
up by the side of the track. This is nature, wilderness, trying to regain
lost territory, which it would do if Network Rail didn’t arrange for it
to be hacked back from time to time. If Monbiot’s farm-free landscape
were let loose, that is pretty much all we would see for much of the
journey. A return to the blanket of woodland which covered much of
Britain before our forefathers let the light in and allowed sun- and
disturbance-loving plants and insects to proliferate, might feel more
like sprawl than the highly variegated farming landscape that much of
Britain enjoys now.</div>
<div>Urban Sprawl</div>
<br>
<div>Anyway, real sprawl is in a different league. It multiplies on the
outskirts of towns like Didcot and Basingstoke, increasing in intensity,
until by the time you get to Woking or Slough it is relentless. Rows of
terraced houses give way to new semi-detached estates while half-built
roundabouts map out the frontiers of future building sites. Who are all
these people? What do they do, apart from ‘taking in each other’s
washing’? Why so many? By the time you get to Vauxhall or Paddington the
sprawl becomes vertical, as office blocks and residential towers, starved
for space, stretch skyward like plants competing for light.</div>
<br>
<div>Monbiot’s hatred of farming has become so visceral that the pastures
and cornfields of the West Country are in his view more to be feared than
the spread of concrete and tarmac. The cows and sheep that we glimpse
from the train window, along with the pigs and chickens that we don’t
see, he reckons threaten the carrying capacity of the planet, more than
the people who rear them:</div>
<br>
<div> “While the human population growth rate has
fallen to 1.05 percent a year, the growth rate of the livestock
population has risen to 2.4 percent a year . . . The biggest population
crisis is not the growth in human numbers but the growth in livestock
numbers.”</div>
<br>
<div>The biggest numerical increase in recent years no doubt; but it is a
bit rich to vilify cows, pigs, sheep and poultry when they do little
other than eat, sleep, procreate and defecate, while human occupants of
the sprawling metropolis demand cooked food, clothes, hot showers,
central heating, computers, motor-cars, hospitals, shopping, foreign
holidays and who knows what else. The built environment may only occupy
11 percent of the UK land area, but it sucks up far more energy and
resources from ghost acres than the countryside does.</div>
<div>Yield-Blindness</div>
<br>
<div>Let us unpack this figure of 2.4 percent annual growth in livestock
numbers. Virtually all of this increase is in the intensive chicken and
pork industries; very little is caused by cattle or sheep. Monbiot cites
USDA figures showing that the number of cattle in the world has
increased by 15 per cent over the last 50 years, but all of this increase
occurred between the years 1971 and 1975. According to United Nations
data, this figure severely underestimates the number of cows in
Africa. But both sources agree that in USA, Russia, East Asia, and
Europe the number of cattle is falling. The UK cattle population has
declined by 25 per cent since the early 1980s.2</div>
<br>
<div>What then of the factory farmed pigs and chickens that account for
nearly all of the annual 2.4 percent increase in livestock numbers? They
are mostly fed on cereals and soya beans, grown on arable land. Sixty
percent of the UK’s arable land is used to grow feed crops for animals
and on top of that we import large quantities of soy and maize from
‘ghost acres’ in the Americas.</div>
<br>
<div>The surest way to reduce the impact of farming upon the natural
environment would be to stop using vast areas of arable land to grow
monocultural crops to feed to pigs and chickens at inefficient conversion
rates. Monbiot’s enthusiasm for doing away with this inefficient way of
producing protein, and releasing several million acres of UK land for
other uses is shared by large numbers of people within the agro-ecology
and regenerative farming movements. But that is where agreement ends.
Monbiot would like to rewild any land so spared, whereas many in
agro-ecological circles would prefer to see some of it used to enable a
return to mixed organic farms where ruminant livestock are part of the
fertility building cycle, and the protein from factory farmed animals is
replaced by pulses.</div>
<br>
<div>A month after the publication of Regenesis, the Sustainable Food
Trust (SFT) released its report Feeding Britain from the Ground Up, which
advocates halving grain production, encouraging mixed organic farming,
growing more peas and beans and ensuring waste food and by-products are
fed to livestock. The SFT calculates that in this manner the UK could
maintain or even increase existing levels of food self-sufficiency, while
allowing an extra 2.5 million hectares for tree planting and nature
recovery (see page 12 of this issue).</div>
<br>
<div>A major weakness of Regenesis is that it doesn’t give a fair hearing
to this approach. There is no analysis of what it might achieve or
require in the way of land-use reallocation, or what carbon and
environmental benefits it might bring. The one case study Monbiot
provides of such a farm is an experimental project on poor land with an
absurdly low level of productivity. I agree with him that too many
agro-ecological farmers are “yield blind . . . [using] large areas of
land to produce small amounts of food ” But he too is blind to examples
of far more productive organic mixed farms, such as those which provide
case studies for the SFT report.</div>
<br>
<div>Nor does he make any mention of default livestock — farm animals
that can be fed off crop residues, food waste, or grass maintained for
other purposes, such as nature conservation, fertility building or open
spaces. This was an approach he endorsed back in 2010.3</div>
<br>
<div>Since then, much research has been carried out showing that these
“ecological leftovers” are substantial notably Hannah van Zanten’s
calculation that the processing and food wastes generated by the sort of
vegan diet that George advocates, when fed to livestock, produce meat
sufficient to meet more than a quarter of all human protein
requirements.4 If this was one of the 5,000 academic papers that Monbiot
claims to have read during the research for this book, he apparently
thought it was of no significance. (See also the recent report from WWF,
covered on page 12 of this issue.)</div>
<div>Homo High-Rise</div>
<br>
<div>Monbiot’s strongest argument for the development and propagation of
bacterial studge is founded on environmental justice. While his favourite
food is a “green peppercorn and lemongrass coconut broth”, and he has a
horror of lardy cake, most people like to eat animal protein and fat, not
least manual workers. There is growing demand from the poor of the world
to consume it at the rate that people in industrial countries enjoy, or
indeed at the rate that we enjoyed it in the pre-agricultural Pleistocene
past in which the metabolism of homo sapiens evolved.</div>
<br>
<div>The only way that this demand could currently be satisfied is by
feeding yet more cereals and soya to pigs and chickens in factory farms,
which would be an environmental and animal welfare disaster. However
unappealing the prospect may be of having the majority of our digestible
protein produced in a laboratory by white-coated geeks, it is surely
better than ploughing up increasing tracts of virgin forest to feed
animals incarcerated in a prison from which the only exit is
death.</div>
<div>Or perhaps not? The production of studge requires large amounts of
hydrogen, produced by electricity. As noted in issue 30 of The Land,
almost every industry currently reliant on fossil fuels is looking to
hydrogen to reduce its carbon emissions.5 A recent paper by AH MacDougal
et al warned that if limited supplies of renewable energy are used to
manufacture edible biomass instead of replacing fossil fuels, the long
term result would be increased global warming: “maximum warming reduction
from bacilliculture would require deploying the technology only after
decarbonisation has reached its limits.”6</div>
<br>
<div>However, suppose within a few decades there is a flowering of the
hydrogen economy, and sufficient renewable energy is available to produce
bacterial protein cheaper than soy protein, lab-grown fat cheaper than
palm oil, and cultured carbs cheaper than wheat or barley. Given the
smorgasbord of fake steaks, sham hams and other skeuomorphic delicacies
which Monbiot anticipates could be fabricated using studge as a raw
material, it is not hard to imagine the new diet being accepted by
inhabitants of the vertical metropolitan sprawl that already thrives in
countries such as China and South Korea.7</div>
<br>
<div>But what of the two billion peasants worldwide who currently make
their living from farming? Are they to be dispossessed of their lands and
herded into high-rise buildings to peer at the natural world through a
computer screen, and occasionally troop down to the gymnasium for
exercise, while their former fields are invaded by scrub? With everybody
eating the same substance, will the demise of agriculture herald the
final convergence of tribal, regional and national cultures into one
banal global monoculture? This is a scenario that captains of industry,
whether of capitalist or Sino-communist persuasion, aided and abetted by
their techno-vegan eco-consultants, will no doubt be happy to
accelerate.</div>
<div>An Agricultural Revolution</div>
<br>
<div>There is, however, an alternative application for the studge, which
is to feed it to animals. That after all is what the soya protein that it
is destined to replace is used for and it is what scientists
originally thought their studge would be used for.</div>
<br>
<div>If it ends up fed to pigs and chickens in factory farms on the
periphery of megacities, that would be a disaster both for the
incarcerated animals and for peasant farmers unable to compete with this
scale of industrial production. It would result in vast surpluses of
nitrogenous phosphate-rich slurry concentrated in places where they
served no purpose.</div>
<br>
<div>On the other hand if and it is a big “if” factory farms
fell out of favour, and instead the studge were distributed to
smallholders and family farms scattered across the land mass, it could
provide a boost to organic agriculture, especially in less developed
countries.</div>
<br>
<div>As Monbiot points out, countries in the global south are blessed
with ample amounts of solar energy with which to manufacture the stuff.
If it were made available cheaply to peasant farmers, then they might
choose to eat it if times were hard; but otherwise they would probably
find it more advantageous to feed it to their livestock and sell the
resulting milk and meat to town-dwellers who were bored with eating
studge.</div>
<br>
<div>The result would be an increase in the volume of manure available to
farmers, and a corresponding improvement in the fertility, health and
yield of their soils. In the clover-fuelled agricultural revolution of
early modern times, European crop yields rose spectacularly through the
expedient of being able to keep more livestock, a double bonus.</div>
<br>
<div>A hydrogen-fuelled agricultural revolution could do the same for
farmers in the tropics. It would render the chemical fertilisers of the
fossil-fuelled Green Revolution redundant, replacing them with manure
that would increase soil organic matter and carbon, and improve moisture
retention. Increases in yields could help to stem further incursions into
tropical forest and savannah.</div>
<div>Priorities</div>
<br>
<div>Is this a science fiction fantasy? Perhaps, but no more so than
Monbiot’s farm-free dystopia. However much one may disagree with his
conclusions, one may thank him for raising important questions and
intriguing possibilities in a highly readable book. Perhaps he is making
extreme proposals simply in order to shift the boundaries of the debate,
and hence the perception of what is mainstream, a tactic known as the
radical flank effect.</div>
<br>
<div>The main worry is his repeated characterisation of farming as “the
most destructive human activity ever to have blighted the earth”.
Agriculture has a lot to answer for; but does it really bear comparison
with the threat to life on Earth as we know it from the oil and coal
industry?</div>
<br>
<div>Farming and livestock husbandry have been with us for around 12,000
years. The curves that describe human population growth, global
atmospheric CO2 levels and the extraction of fossil fuels all share the
same exponential rise over the last century, and that is no coincidence.
The imperative is not to stop farming, but to phase out fossil fuels very
quickly. Cavalier polemics that cast primary responsibility for our
predicament elsewhere are a dangerous diversion.</div>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div>The Great Reshaft: Prince Charles Klaus Schwab's Great Reset</div>
<br>
<div>Problem Reaction Solution</div>
<div>Royal seal of approval for return to Davos: Prince Charles unveils
theme of 2021 event named 'The Great Reset'</div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-8385161/Prince-Charles-unveils-theme-Davos-2021-event-Great-Reset.html" EUDORA=AUTOURL>
https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-8385161/Prince-Charles-unveils-theme-Davos-2021-event-Great-Reset.html</a>
</div>
<br>
<div>Royal seal of approval for return to Davos: Prince Charles unveils
theme of 2021 event named 'The Great Reset'</div>
<div>By LUCY WHITE FOR THE DAILY MAIL</div>
<div>PUBLISHED: 21:51, 3 June 2020 | UPDATED: 22:36, 3 June 2020</div>
<br>
<div>The meeting of the world's self-styled elite in the Swiss town of
Davos will go ahead next January despite the pandemic.</div>
<br>
<div>Prince Charles, a long-time supporter of organiser the World
Economic Forum (WEF), yesterday unveiled the lofty theme of the summit
'The Great Reset'.</div>
<br>
<div>However, Standard Life Aberdeen, which usually spends around
£3million on sending executives to Davos each year, and hosts a cafe
renowned among delegates for its malt whisky has ruled out
attending. </div>
<br>
<div>Prince Charles, a long-time supporter of organiser the World
Economic Forum, yesterday unveiled the lofty theme of the 2021 Davos
summit 'The Great Reset'</div>
<br>
<div>Chief executive, Keith Skeoch, told the Mail in April that it was
'divisive' at a time when the world was being ravaged by the coronavirus,
and that the money could be better-spent.</div>
<br>
<div>Founder Klaus Schwab said 'a great reset' was needed, and insisted
the meeting could 'build a new social contract that honours the dignity
of every human being'. </div>
<br>
<div>He added: 'The global health crisis has laid bare the
unsustainability of our old system in terms of social cohesion, the lack
of equal opportunities and inclusiveness. Nor can we turn our backs on
the evils of racism and discrimination.'</div>
<br>
<div>Davos has gained a reputation for missing some of the most important
issues of the day. </div>
<br>
<div>The 2021 Davos summit will be held both in-person and online, and
will focus on reducing humans' impact on the planet and how to move past
the pandemic<x-tab> </x-tab>+2</div>
<div>The 2021 Davos summit will be held both in-person and online, and
will focus on reducing humans' impact on the planet and how to move past
the pandemic</div>
<br>
<div>This year's summit at the end of January, when coronavirus was
beginning to spread, saw very little time dedicated to discussing the
possible ramifications.</div>
<br>
<div>Teenage environmental activist Greta Thunberg was the star guest. In
February, as the world began to pay more attention to virus, JP Morgan
boss Jamie Dimon joked it may have spread the virus. </div>
<br>
<div>He said: 'The only good news from that is that it might just have
killed the elite.'</div>
<br>
The 2021 summit will be held both in-person and online, and will focus on
reducing humans' impact on the planet and how to move past the
pandemic.<br>
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvPbHiqhLtpNWA_cg_1NULw<br>
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