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<h1><b>Post-war countryside chroniclers: Robin Page, John Seymour, Jack
Hargreaves</b></h1><font size=6><b>Bankrupting farmers and selling their
land to private equity won't fix farming<br>
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17 June 2023</a> <a href="https://tlio.org.uk/author/tony/">Tony
Gosling</a>
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As agricultural workers joined the fight against Adolf Hitler. imported
American tractors took over from horse-power Post-war, the drive
for ‘efficient’ fertilisers and pesticides ended centuries of farming
crafts and wisdom. Some of these skills were only retained by gypsies who
have now themselves been almost persecuted out of existence.<br><br>
Barely mentioned is the key role farming subsidies have played in these
changes, making smallholdings, market-gardens and even the 100 acre farm
barely viable. The industrial agriculturists, like the Duke of
Westminster, private equity and Crown Estate, who never even cast eyes on
99.9% of their land get a estimated eight-figure sum each.<br><br>
The markets are moving in fast: near Oxford, private equity is about to
build an 11 mile long solar farm, the biggest in Europe. Investors
are taking thousands of acres out of production on the back of a rigged
electricity market.<br><br>
<img src="cid:7.0.1.0.1.20230617151959.04dd2c20@cultureshop.org.uk.0" width=240 height=180 alt="Emacs!">
<br>
in George Monbiot’s 2022 declaration that ‘farming is the greatest threat
to humanity’ it is as if the environmental movement he claims to be part
of, and its sixty year fight against industrial agriculture, never
happened. Hoping we've forgotten. King Charles too seems to have
abandoned his organic life, sacking Highrove organic farm manager and
signing GM into law.<br><br>
Farmers, and the surpluses they produced, created civilisation out of
poverty, and without them, we starve. The most simple and socially just
solution is to cap subsidies at 400 acres or to subsidise the farmer
rather than the acres … and to make all farming organic.<br><br>
Time then to refresh all our memories about the great post-war
campaigning journalists who chronicled these devastating changes which
ended time-worn farming practices. Noting too the continuation of
enclosure. depopulation that meant many farm labourers never returned to
the land. Turning the countryside into a playground for rich individuals
and their corporations. [TG, ed.]<br><br>
<h1><b>Robin Page<br><br>
<br>
</b></h1><h3><b>The Decline of the English Village, by Robin Page
(1974)<br>
Extract from Chapter 1, the home and farm<br>
ISBN
0-7067-0132-1</b></h3>
<img src="cid:7.0.1.0.1.20230617151959.04dd2c20@cultureshop.org.uk.1" width=330 height=530 alt="Emacs!">
</b></h3><br>
Life on the land was hard, requiring patience, resourcefulness and brute
force. During a hot dry summer the thick grey boulder clay, which seemed
to descend to unfathomable depths, would set as solid as rock, its
adamantine crust blunting implements, wearing out horseshoes and causing
frustration and despair. If ploughed late it would dry out, forming
countless clods of varying sizes from marbles to footballs, and elsewhere
it would crack, the heat from the sun drawing out the moisture, leaving
the crops struggling for survival. In contrast, winter would show the
full fickleness of its nature and it would become a squelching, glutinous
mass, turning the farmyard into a sea of mud and making land work
impossible; work was confined to ditching or hedging with hands numb with
cold, cutting kale with clothing soaked by the chilling leaf-held water,
repairing buildings, or shovelling out ‘muck’ from the cowshed and the
stable.<br>
Dolly and Diamond were housed in the stable; two fine carthorses, one the
colour of burnt sienna, the other a dark chestnut. They were said to be a
Clydesdale and a Shire, but time and hot blood had allowed other strains
to creep in. Their confidence, bearing and strength, a living tribute to
their ancestry, made them not only able and willing workers, but also
valuable companions in the never-ending struggle with the elements. But,
sadly, as they stood at their manger, snorting and stamping, proud and
content, they were unaware of the significance of the blue tractor
standing silently in the shed nearby. It needed no care when not working,
its hunger was for toil not sustenance, it was strong, adaptable, and
reliable. The adoption of the Fordson Major marked the beginning, and the
end, of an era.<br>
Because of the tractor Dolly soon left, sold to a dealer, who in turn
sold her again, probably to a factory in Melton Mowbray where she would
disappear inside tins of catfood, or to be exported to Belgium, destined
for a butcher’s shop in Bruges. When I was eight, another lorry arrived,
this time for Diamond, and she too was loaded up and whisked away.<br>
It was a miserable day on the farm. Two tractors now stood in the shed
and the stable was empty, save for memories and the smell of the past. I
would have no more rides on that broad brown back, clinging with trusting
arms to her shaggy greying mane, and she would pull no more cart loads of
water along the road for the cows as they grazed languorously in a nearby
meadow. The harsh facts of farming life meant that she had to go. She had
worked willingly and well, but her coat was losing its lustre, her
muscles were tiring and her reactions were slowing. The faithful horse
that had toiled for hours in the fields, shifting tons of corn and earth,
was finished, and her large mournful eyes seemed to know this. Father
could not hide the sense of betrayal he felt in sending his helper to the
knacker’s yard; a helpmeet who had aided him in bad times and good, and
whose crime was that of old age.<br>
Apart from her age she had only one minor failing; an almost uncanny
sense of time. Regardless of her task, whether she was hoeing, ploughing
or drilling, as soon as it was time to stop, her time, not her master’s,
she would turn at right angles and head for home. Now she would be
returning home no more.<br>
Father felt that same sense of betrayal and guilt when he sent cows to
market to be sold for slaughter. For ten or twelve years he would feed
them and house them, in winter mixing their food with a shovel on the
floor of the barn, turning over and stirring the multi-coloured mound of
different meals like a builder mixing cement, and in return they would
give him milk and every year deliver him a new calf. Then, as soon as
their yield dropped or they became barren, they were sold off and killed.
The economic facts of life did not allow for sentiment, and the saddest
sound on the farm was that of the cattle lorry as it revved up and moved
off to Cambridge.<br>
He felt nothing for the pigs however, greedy, screaming and often brutal
animals that would turn on the weakest of their number, sometimes leaving
it streaming with blood and literally quaking with fear. He felt nothing,
either, for the bull, standing in its pen looking cunning and malevolent.
Its life alternated between periods of lust for the cows, when it would
breath heavily and bellow out a message of virility, and periods of
distrust when it would snort with anger and paw the ground at its human
adversaries. The bull’s humour was worsened by the fact that around the
farm buildings and some of the fields, the animals were kept in by an
electric fence; a thin strand of wire through which an electric current
passed every second. We normally kept well away from it, hating every
time we accidentally received a shock, but greatly enjoying the sight of
an unsuspecting visitor taking hold of it.<br>
The bull disliked it, after allowing the chain from his nose to become
entangled with it and then retreating backwards, only for another strand
of wire to send a shock rushing up his tail.<br>
The wire had hardly any effect on Father who would casually take hold of
it, to check that it was not shorting, with no apparent discomfort. When
moving the wire one morning, to allow the cows to get at some new grass,
he was watched by several children, including an innocent boy from the
High Street: ‘Get hold of that end for me will you, Paul?’ he asked. Paul
picked it up with both hands; his eyes blinked in amazement, his mouth
opened, and every time the current passed through him his whole body
jolted. He was so surprised then to the roadside for collection, the pigs
and hens had to be fed, and in addition the land had to be
cultivated.<br>
All this could not be done by one man alone and Father had two full time
workers to help him, and sometimes three. Jim and Percy were the
regulars, one a countryman born and bred, the other a townsman who would
have been more at home delivering milk or repairing pavements. It was
Percy who was out of place on the land, for he was unacquainted with the
laws of nature and could not understand the animals. Land work had been
for him a stop-gap, taken up when jobs were difficult to come by, but he
worked happily, if fitfully, and used such words as ‘shite’, the meanings
of which we were supposed not to know.<br>
Jim was completely different, a small, one-eyed, well-meaning countryman,
who could read the condition of the land or the seasons of the year like
others read a book. His father, grand-mother and great-grandfather had
all been tenants of the same farm and were from that ancient yeoman stock
which had formed the stable backbone of English society for generations.
Men of resolution and reliance who had farmed and fought with a
resilience and a determination that had made them an asset to any cause,
and who, when Oliver Cromwell had represented Cambridge in Parliament,
flocked to his banner to overthrow what they saw as injustice and
tyranny. Jim had maintained that tradition, and in 1914 he, too, had
responded to the call of duty and went to do battle in northern
France.<br>
After just six months of active service he had returned home with honour,
but also with a shrapnel wound in his right eye. He lost his eye, but
gained a view of the French that time never changed and which, to him,
the Second World War endorsed. The French were, he said, incapable of
fighting, they were dirty and stupid, and France itself was not worth
fighting for. ‘If I had been a bloody Froggie,’ he asserted, T d have
given the bugger to Jerry.’ But he was proud of his sacrifice and even
had a begrudging respect for ‘the bloody squareheads’ , who were, he
admitted, good soldiers and workers.<br>
His father had been turned out of the rented farm when the land had
changed hands, and as there had been no security of tenure Jim had not
been able to become his own master.<br>
But this did not worry him unduly, and with a cigarette hang-ing from the
corner of his mouth, and his one eye guiding him almost as well as two,
he returned to the land as a worker, where he progressed with ease from
horse to tractor, from harness to sparking plug, and became master of
both.<br>
Not surprisingly, after generations of independence and struggle, he was
a Tory, who looked upon Socialism as a malignant cancer that ate into
stability, freedom and self-respect. At the mention of certain
politicians he would take off his cap, scratch his greying head in
exasperation and recommend that the offending wretch be placed ‘head
first in a barrel of runny cow muck’, or that a ‘hedgehog skin should be
wrapped around a pitchfork handle and stuffed up his bloody arse.’<br>
Apart from his love of the land and his hatred of Social-ism, his one
abiding passion was cricket and he could talk for hours on the game,
sounding like an encyclopaedia of all the great names of the past. He
spoke of Hobbs and Sutcliffe, at Lord’s and Parker’s Piece, and recalled
many memorable occasions on local village greens where amazing feats of
batting had taken place, and where, on other occasions, teams had been
skittled out for less than ten.<br>
Charlie would occasionally arrive on his bicycle to work part-time. He
was a signalman on the railway who rested while at work, and worked while
he should have been resting at home. In his signalbox he could doze until
roused by the warning bell, and at home he kept pigs, cultivated a large
garden, as well as a plot of ground, and still had time to help out local
farmers. At hay cart and harvest, others too would come for casual work
or would be borrowed from neighbouring farms, so that the work could be
speedily finished.<br>
It was harvest time that we children liked the best, the sun always
seemed to shine and there would be picnic teas ‘down the harvest field’.
There, Jim would drive the tractor, father roped on, the loads would
lurch and sway as the trailers were pulled along the rough cart tracks,
and we children would conceal our fear with laughter as we rode on
top.<br>
The men worked long hours to get the harvest home and would finish each
day tired and hungry. But the smell of corn being cut, the creak of horse
and harness, the feel of stubble on bare legs, the sun, rabbits being
shot as they ran for cover, and mother, forgetting briefly the evils of
alcohol, buying quart bottles of cider, made it the best season of the
year for us. The insects in the sandwiches, the horseflies droning
menacingly in hungry search, and the fatigue of those working, were of
little consequence.<br><br>
<h1><b>John Seymour<br><br>
</b></h1><h3><b>High farming: no fertiliser no diesel<br>
Extract from Chapter 7 – crops of arable land<br>
The Countryside Explained, by John Seymour (1977)<br>
ISBN
0-571-11092-4</b></h3>
<img src="cid:7.0.1.0.1.20230617151959.04dd2c20@cultureshop.org.uk.2" width=303 height=510 alt="Emacs!">
</b></h3><br>
Late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century writers such as
Arthur Young and Cobbett were constantly noting two-ton-an-acre in their
travels. They took this as something good but not unusual in those days
of High Farming.<br>
No chemicals were used (there weren’t any) but enormous applications of
farmyard manure kept up the high fertility of the land, plus the
ploughed-in residues of nitrogen-fixing clovers, the bulk of
humus-forming grasses, and the dunging and treading of sheep which were
kept folded on turnips.<br>
I worked on a farm in Essex as a pupil when a boy where two tons of wheat
to the acre was the almost invariable rule and where hardly any chemical
fertilizer and no other chemicals were used. There were, though, a
hundred bullocks fattened every year in yards on this hundred-acre farm,
a herd of six breeding sows, the dung of five horses and a couple of
hundred free-range hens.<br>
This was one of the last farms in Essex run on traditional High Farming
lines. No fuel-oil [diesel – ed.] was imported on to the farm for there
were no tractors or other engines. The only thing that did come over our
borders was a ton or two of linseed cake for what Mr Catt the farmer
called ‘its kindling effect’ on the bullocks to give them a finish for
the butcher in the last weeks of the fattening period.<br>
The input-output ratio of such a farm was simply marvellous-practically
nothing came on but a great deal went off. But such farming is prodigal
of human labour. There were seven of us working these hundred acres and
we had to work in a way which no modern farm worker would tolerate.<br>
Today this farm is probably part of a thousand-acre agribusiness with
possibly two tractor drivers working the whole lot. But apart from the
stunt members of the three-ton-and-over club (who are certainly costing
the country far more in foreign exchange than they are saving by
producing wheat) the average production of wheat per acre in Britain is
still well below two tons an acre.<br><br>
<h1><b>Jack Hargreaves<br><br>
</b></h1><h3><b>The Old Country, by Jack Hargreaves (1988)<br>
extract from Chapter 6, a shining night<br>
ISBN
0-946159-59-9</b></h3>
<img src="cid:7.0.1.0.1.20230617151959.04dd2c20@cultureshop.org.uk.3" width=325 height=506 alt="Emacs!">
</b></h3><br>
You may still find, in a country pub somewhere, an ancient who will talk
with relish about the days of ‘sparrow-pie’. This really means ‘little
bird pie’. When protein was short large numbers of little birds were
eaten and they were not particular about the species. Dozens of them
would be boiled until their flesh could be picked off and made into a
pie.<br>
Long ago when we moved to our first farm there stood in the corner of the
barn an old clap-net. Two very long poles were tied together at their
thin tips so that, if you held the butts under your arms, they formed
them-selves into an arch. This arch was covered with a thin soft net of
cotton. In the dusk of evening this was lightly beaten against the ivy of
the house, the high hedges and the sides of the hay and corn-ricks. As
soon as there came a flutter the net was closed by ‘clapping’ the two
poles together.<br>
When Pointers first came up from Spain their job was to find and put up
birds for the falcon that was hovering above, but the Setter was the
servant of the fowler. He developed his peculiar crouching habit for the
purpose of netting partridges.<br>
The partridge, when it senses danger, will always take refuge in
concealment before flight. The whole covey – that is the partridge family
– will crouch close together in the long grass” silent and unmovable. It
is known as ‘jukking’ and nothing will make them juk tighter than the
sight of a hawk in the sky. In the earliest writings on the fowler’s art
there are instructions for making a kite in the shape of a falcon. When
setting out to net the birds the kite was flown overhead to stop the
birds from moving.<br>
The setting dog would quarter the ground with the wind in his face,
moving to and fro until he caught the scent of the hidden covey. Once he
had it he would move stealthily forward. The fowler and his mate followed
with a twenty foot square net, carefully folded. When the dog knew he was
within four or five feet of the birds he would sink down to the ground
and crouch with his nose pointing to them. The net would be delicately
spread and the two men, one on each front corner, would slip it right
over the dog’s back and drop it over the whole partridge family.<br>
People who keep Setters today – and even win with them at Crufts – can
scarcely imagine the thrill of working with them. Once ‘set’ to a close
scent a good dog would not move a muscle until the job was done. There is
an old story about fowlers who were working in the late evening when a
mist rolled down the hill. They lost sight of the dog who was well ahead
of them. After searching and calling in vain they went home. At daybreak
the mist had cleared and they found the dog, still setting a scent that
he had found the night before. They caught a covey of birds which had
squatted while the dog held them for eight or nine hours! A likely tale!
But you don’t have to believe it to understand that admiration for the
dog caused it to be told.<br>
I’m sure there is not a setter alive today that has a net pulled over his
back. In any case it is unthinkable that the many arts of the fowler
should be performed today. Still, to understand the problems of modern
conservation, it is well to remember that seventy years ago when I was
little birds of all kinds existed abundantly around us – after centuries
of fowling. Despite the twirler, the skylarks sang in the sky all day
over fields where they are now unknown.<br>
Every evening we heard the Grey Partridge cocks calling the coveys to
rest on land from which herbicides have removed the weed seeds on which
they relied; and insecticides have robbed them of the insects on which
their chicks were reared. In winter the small birds flew in clouds around
the rickyard; but yesterday I read in our Country Bird Report that the
sparrow must now be regarded as uncommon.<br>
The art of fowling faded after the Battle of Waterloo as the percussion
shotgun spread across the country, a weapon that would detonate a cloud
of shot fast enough for feathered game to be shot on the wing. Instead of
hawks and nets it was now the shooting – men who went out with pointers
and setters – including Mr Pickwick. And soon the privileged among them
found a way of shooting in which somebody else did the walking.<br>
As so often in English history a new set of people assumed the role of
country gentlemen. They moved in with East Indian spoils, Admiralty
prize-money, the profits of coal, sugar and iron, and the fruits of
banking. Land was no longer to have the monopoly of riches and power and
with but a modest estate you could – by following the new fashion of
driven-game shooting – put up a show of being a shooting host.<br>
It meant rearing game birds by the thousand, and crowding them into the
coverts in numbers for which Nature could never provide. It meant keeping
the locals off your land and closing the footpaths which their ancestors
had walked. It brought an obsession with trespass that developed over the
years into a malady which the Old Man used to call ‘Landowners’ Disease’.
Kipling is said to have been most seriously afflicted. On his small
Sussex estate he sat at a top window with field-glasses, scanning his
boundaries in fear of invasion, yet hoping that someone might cross the
border who could be prosecuted.<br>
But it also meant that a man need no longer walk hard all day in company
with a yokel and two dogs in order to bring home three or four brace of
birds. He could invite a dozen of the elite and influential to stand
fifteen yards apart while the birds were driven over their heads. And he
could have them all roistering at his lunch table while the Head Keeper
sat outside, growling at his pocket watch and cancelling one after
another of the afternoon drives.<br>
His work was to be judged by the hundreds of birds shot and also by the
scores of wild creatures, said to be competitive in the game environment,
that he himself killed and hung on gibbets for his employer to see.<br>
This time of new riches in the country houses brought hardship to the
rural poor. And since the yokels were needed on shooting days to beat the
woods and put the birds over the line, they became aware of the vast
numbers of quarry, and more familiar with their habits than those who
stood to receive them. It was quite natural that the fashion for driven
game gave birth to the great age of poaching. Within fifty years two
generations of country lads had grown up knowing every trick of the game,
and taking a pleasure in it that amounted to ecstasy. ‘It’s my delight on
a shining night in the season of the year’.<br>
The cleverest dog was now the poacher’s dog – though he usually looked
just a little ragamuffin. The pointers and setters died gradually away,
to be replaced by the fetch- and-carry retrievers that ‘Stonehenge’ –
writing in The Field in the eighteen-fifties called ‘Servants Hall Dogs’.
While the poacher worked his dog would crouch on watch and if he noticed
the sound or smell of anyone else he would creep up to his master and, in
the dark, touch his hand with a cold nose. When the man with the needle-
pole wanted a hare for his own pot he would go out with a gate-net inside
his trousers – a soft, wide-meshed net about the size of a single
bedspread. This he hung loosely in a gateway or a hedge-gap on anyone of
the hare’s habitual routes that he knew by heart. Then he lit his pipe
and walked on. His dog would slip through the hedge and quarter the field
until the hare was put up and then drive it – sheep-dog fashion – into
the net. Having killed it there he would return to walk respectably at
heel. The hare could be fetched when the coast was clear.<br>
One of the satisfactory things about poaching was that it did not involve
guilt. No poacher ever thought of himself as a criminal. Of course, if
you were caught you would be in trouble. But it wasn’t fair to the
village Bobby to get caught. It was embarrassing for him. Even the
keepers would turn a blind eye. They were, on the whole, contemptuous of
their masters. But you shouldn’t put your trust in that. The Old Man used
to say – ‘If the keeper lets you take a hare you’ll never finish paying
for it.’<br>
Poachers were hard to catch up with – except for the gangs that came from
the towns and openly challenged the keepers to violent encounters. The
standard of skill of the country poachers was very high indeed. Why,
then, did the night when Great-Grandfather went out with his needle-pole
turn out so fatefully?<br>
The outcome of it was decided on the other side of the world. Australia
had been used as a place to send the ‘criminal classes’ and, now the time
had come to open up and develop the country, the Governor General said it
could not be done with his work-gangs of thieves and pickpockets. Now he
needed good men who could move out into the country.<br>
So the word went from Westminster to the Lords- Lieutenant and from them
to the squires who were magistrates. The search was on for good men who
could be caught poaching.<br>
Great-Grandfather could milk and plough and thatch and like most
farm-hands had a dozen different rural skills.<br>
The day he was taken – on information extracted from the drover – was his
last free day in his native land. On the ship he joined hundreds of
others swept up in the same cynical operation. It was a bad day for the
man but perhaps a very good one for his descendants. I hope that their
sheep-station may be called ‘Needlepole’.<br>
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