From aforum at moose.uvm.edu  Mon Sep 13 08:42:13 1993
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Date: 13 Sep 1993 08:42:13
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From: aforum at moose.uvm.edu (Arm The Spirit)


From: Arm The Spirit <aforum at moose.uvm.edu>
Subject: Kurds and Kurdistan: Facts and Figures
Followup-To: alt.politics.radical-left
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KURDS AND KURDISTAN: FACTS AND FIGURES
--------------------------------------

Land and Ecology:
----------------

The vast Kurdish homeland of about 230,000 square miles is about the areas of
Germany and Britain combined, or roughly equal to France or Texas. Kurdistan
consists basically of the mountainous areas of the central and northern
Zagros, the eastern one-third of the Taurus and Pontus, and the northern half
of the Amanus ranges. The symbiosis between the Kurds and their mountains has
been so strong that they have become synonymous: Kurds home ends where the
mountains end. Kurds as a distinct people have survived only when living in
the mountains. The highest points in the land now are respectively Mt. Alvand
of southern Kurdistan in Iran at 11,745 feet, Mt. Halgurd in central Kurdistan
in Iraq at 12,249 feet, Mt. Munzur at 12,600 feet in western Kurdistan and Mt.
Ararat at 16,946 feet in northern Kurdistan, both in Turkey.

There are also two large Kurdish enclaves in central and north central Anatolia
in Turkey and in the province of Khurasan in northeast Iran.

The mean annual precipitation is 60-80 inches per year in the central regions
and 20-40 inches on the descent to the lower elevations. Most precipitation is
in form of snow, which can fall for six months of the year, becoming the
resource for many rivers like the Tigris and the Euphrates in an otherwise arid
Middle East. The overall mean annual temperature is 55-65 degrees Fahrenheit,
getting cooler as one ascends the central massifs.

The land, once almost totally forested, has been massively cleared, especially
in this century, with inevitable soil erosion and parched landscape. Contrary
to the heavy damage sustained by the woodlands, the pasture lands remain in
reasonably good condition and continue to be a productive to a nomadic herding
economy alongside the basic agriculture.

Despite its mountainous nature, Kurdistan has more arable land proportionately
than most Middle Eastern countries. Expansive river valleys create a fertile
lattice work in Kurdistan. This may well explain the fact that the very
invention of agriculture took place primarily in Kurdistan around 12,000 years
ago, precipitating the speedy domestication of almost all basic cereals 
and livestock in the region (with the notable exception of cows and rice).

Race :
-----

Kurds are now predominantly of Mediterranean racial stock, resembling southern
Europeans and the Levantines in skin, general coloring and physiology.  
There is yet a persistent recurrence of two racial substrata: 
a darker aboriginal Palaeo-Caucasian  element, and more localized 
occurrence of blondism of the Alpine typein the heartland of Kurdistan. 
The "Aryanization" of the aboriginal Palaeo-Caucasian Kurds, linguistically, 
culturally and racially, seems to have begun by the beginning of the 2nd 
millennium BC, with the  continuous immigration and settlement of 
Indo-European-speaking tribes, such as the Hittites, Mitannis,
Haigs, Medes, Persians, Scythians, and Alans. This process was more or less
complete by the beginning of the Christian era, by which time the Kurds had
absorbed enough Iranic blood and culture, particularly Median and Alan, to form
the basis physical typology and cultural identity.

Geopolitics:
-----------

Since the end of World War I, Kurdistan has been administered by five sovereign
states, with the largest portions of the land being respectively in 
Turkey (43%), Iran (31%), Iraq (18%), Syria (6%) and the former 
Soviet Union (2%).

The Iranian Kurds have lived under that state's jurisdiction since 1514 and the
Battle of Chaldiran. The other three quarters of the Kurds lived in the Ottoman
Empire from that date until its break-up following WWI. The French Mandate of
Syria received a piece, and the British incorporated central Kurdistan, or the
"Mosul Vilayet" and its oil fields at Kirkuk, into their recently created
Mandate of Iraq.  Northern and western Kurdistan were to be given choice of
independence by the Treaty of Sevres (August 10, 1920) which dismantled the
defunct Ottoman Empire, but instead they were awarded to the newly established
Republic of Turkey under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne (June 24, 1923).
The Russian/Soviet Kurds had passed into their sphere in the course of the 19th
century when territories were ceded by Persia/Iran.

The Kurds remained the only ethnic group in the world with indigenous
representatives in three world geopolitical blocs: the Arab World (in Iraq and
Syria), NATO (in Turkey), the South Asian-Central Asian bloc (in Iran and
Turkmenistan), and, until recently, the Soviet bloc (in the Caucasus, 
now Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia). As a matter fact, until the end of 
the Cold War, the Kurds, along with the Germans, were the only people in 
the world with their home territories used as a front line of fire by 
both NATO and Warsaw Pact forces.

Society:
------

The most important single feature of Kurdish society since the end of
medieval times has been its strong tribal organization, with independence or
autonomy being the political status of the land. The society's process of
developing the next stage of societal convergence - and the creation of a
political culture of interset in a pan-Kurdish polity - was well under way in
Kurdistan  when it was decisively aborted with the parcelling out of the 
country at the end of the First World War. Tribal confederacies thus remain 
the highest form of social organization, while the political process and 
the elite remain, to a large degree, tribal. Today, in the absence of a 
national Kurdish state and government, tribes serve as the highest native 
source of authority in which people place their allegiance.

Population:
----------

Kurdish lands, rich in natural resources, have always sustained and promoted a
large population. While registering modest gains since the late 19th century,
but particularly in the first decade of the 20th, Kurds lost demographic ground
relative to neighboring ethnic groups. This was due as much to their less
developed economy and health care system as it was to direct massacres,
deportations, famines, etc. The total number of Kurds actually decreased in
this period, while every other major ethnic group in the area boomed. Since
the middle of the 1960s, this negative demographic trend has reversed, and
Kurds are steadily regaining the demographic position of importance that they
traditionally held, representing 15% of the over-all population of the Middle
East in Asia - a phenomenon common since at least the 4th millennium BC.

Today, Kurds are the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East, after the
Arabs, Persians, and Turks. Their largest concentrations are now respectively 
in Turkey (approx. 52% of all Kurds), Iran(25.5%), Iraq (16%), Syria (5%),
and the CIS (1.5%). Barring a catastrophe, Kurds will become the third most 
populous ethnic group in the Middle East by the year 2000, displacing the 
Turks. Furthermore, if present demographic trends hold, as they are likely to,
in about fifty years, Kurds will also replace the Turks as the majority ethnic
group in Turkey itself.

There is one Kurdish city with a population of nearly a million (Kirminshah),
two with over half a million (Diyarbekir, Kirkuk), five between a quarter and
half a million (Antep, Arbil, Hamadan, Malatya, Sulaymania), and quarter of a
million people (Adiyaman, Dersim[Tunceli], Dohuk, Elazig[Kharput], Haymana,
Khanaqin, Mardin Qamishli, Qochan, Sanandaj, Shahabad, Siirt and Urfa) in many
others.

Language:
--------

Kurds are speakers of Kurdish, a member of the northwestern subdivision of the
Iranic branch of the Indo-Europian family of languages, which is akin to
Persian, and by extension to other European languages. It is fundamentally
different from Semetic Arabic and Altaic Turkish. Modern Kurdish divides into
two major groups: 1) the Kurmanji group and, 2) the Dimili-Gurani group. These
are supplemented by scores of sub-dialects as well. The most popular vernacular
is that of Kurmanji (or Kirmancha), spoken by about three-quarters of the Kurds
today. Kurmanji is divided into North Kurmanji (also called Bahdinani, 
with around 15 million speakers, primarily in Turkey, Syria, and the former 
Soviet Union) and South Kurmanji (also called Sorani, with around 6 million 
speakers, primarily in Iraq and Iran).

To the far north of Kurdistan along the Kizil Irmak and Murat rivers in Turkey,
the Dimili (less accurately but more commonly known as Zaza) dialect is 
spoken by about 4 million  Kurds. There are small pockets of this language 
spoken in various croners of Anatolia, northern Iraq, northern Iran and 
the Caucasus as well.

In the far south of Kurdistan, both in Iraq and Iran, the Gurani dialect is
spoken by about 3 million Kurds. Gurani, along with its two major subdivisions,
Laki and Awramani, merits special attention for its wealth of sacred and 
secular literature stretching over a millennium.

In Iraq and Iran a modified version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet has been
adapted to South Kurmani (Sorani). The Kurds of Turkey have recently embarked 
on an extensive campaign of publication in the North Kurmanji dialect of 
Kurmaji (Bahdinani) from their publishing houses in Europe. these employed 
a modified form of the Latin alphabet. The Kurds of the former Soviet Union 
first began writing Kurdish in the Armenian alphabet in the 1920s, followed 
by latin in 1927, then Cyrillic in 1945, and now in both Cyrilic and Latin. 
Gurani dialects continue to employ the Persian alphabet without any change. 
Dimili now uses the same modified Latin alphabet as North Kurmanji for print.

Religion:
--------

Nearly three fifths of the Kurds, almost all Kurmanji-speakers, are today at
least nominally Sunni Muslims of Shafiite rite. There are also some followers
of mainstream Shiite Islam among the Kurds, particularly in and around the
cities of Kirmanshah, Hamadan, and Bijar in southern and eastern Kurdistan
and the Khurasan. These Shiite Kurds number around half a million. The
overwhelming majority of Muslim Kurds are followers of one several mystic Sufi
orders, most importantly the Bektashi order of the northwest Kurdistan, the
Naqshbandi order in the west and north, Qadiri orders of east and central
Kurdistan, and Nurbakhshi of the south.

The rest of the Kurds are followers of several indigenous Kurdish faiths of
great antiquity and originality, which are variations on and permutations of an
ancient religion that can be reasonably but loosely labeled as Yardanism or
the "Cult of Angels." The three surviving major divisions of this religion are
Yezidism (in west and west-central Kurdistan, ca. 2% of all Kurds), Yarsanism 
or the Ahl-i Haqq (in southern Kurdistan, ca. 13% of all Kurds), and Alevism or
Kizil Nash (in western Kurdistan and the Khurasan, ca. 20%).

Minor communities of Kurdish Jews, Christians, and Baha'is are found in various
corners of Kurdistan. The ancient Jewish community has progressively emigrated
to Israel, while the Christian community is merging their identity with that of
the Assyrians.

PRESENT AND NEAR FUTURE DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS (in millions)

State             Turkey    Iran         Iraq    Syria    CIS

1990    Total     56.7      55.6         18.8     12.6    
        pop.
        Total     13.7      6.6           4.4      1.3    0.3
        Kurds
        % Kurdish 24.1      12.4         23.5      9.2
        Total Kurds (in all countries): 26.3


2000    Total     65.9      73.9         26.5      17.2
        pop.
        Total     18.7       9.0          6.4       1.6   0.5
        Kurds
        % Kurdish 28.4       12.6        24         9.2
        Total Kurds (in all countries): 36.2


2020    Total     87.5      130.6        44.8       28
        pop.
        Total     32.3       16.2        10.9       2.7    0.9
        Kurds
        % Kurdish 36.9       12          24.5       9.8
        Total  Kurds(in all countries): 63.0


2050    Total     105.8      192.5       62.2      33.7
        pop.
        Total     47.0       23.1        15.0       3.9     1.1
        Kurds
        % Kurdish 44.4       12.1        25         11
        Total Kurds (in all countries): 90.2

                         Kurdish Studies, An International Journal

                         The Kurdish Library, Vol. 5, Numbers 1 & 2
                         Spring-Fall 1992.

Kurdish Studies published semi-annually by the Kurdish Library
Subscription rates: $30 individual, $50 institutions. Overseas add $10
for air postage.

        The Kurdish Heritage Foundation of America
        345 Park Place
        Brooklyn NY 11238
        Telephone (718) 783-7930
        Telefax (718) 398-4365

(via Newsdesk Amsterdam)

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Arm The Spirit                        Arm The Spirit
PO Box 6326, Stn. A                   PO Box 1242
Toronto, Ontario                      Burlington, Vermont
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